Formal register
is used in situations that are serious, official, ceremonial, or academic. It
requires attention to grammar rules, sentence structure, and vocabulary. It
avoids contractions (like "can't") and slang.
Characteristics:
Complete, well-structured sentences
Use of sophisticated vocabulary and technical terms
Passive voice is often used
Objective tone (emotions are minimized)
No slang or idiomatic expressions
Politeness formulas (e.g., "I would like to
request...")
Contexts:
Academic essays and research papers
Official speeches
Business correspondence
Legal documents
Formal ceremonies
Example: "I am writing to inform you that your application has been
approved."
2. Informal
Register
Informal
register is used when communicating with friends, family, or in relaxed
environments. It mirrors natural conversation and is often expressive and
personal.
Characteristics:
Shorter, simpler sentence structures
Frequent use of contractions (e.g., "I'm,"
"they're")
Use of slang, idiomatic expressions, and everyday
language
Personal tone (emotions and opinions are freely
expressed)
May include incomplete sentences or pauses
Active voice is preferred
Contexts:
Text messages and social media posts
Friendly emails or letters
Conversations with peers or family
Casual interviews or podcasts
Example: "Hey! Just wanted to let you know you got the job! Congrats!"
3. Neutral
Register
Neutral
register is neither overly formal nor too casual. It aims for clear,
straightforward, and objective communication. It avoids slang but doesn't sound
pompous.
Characteristics:
Simple, clear language
Focus on facts or instructions rather than emotions
No use of slang or heavy technical jargon
Balanced tone: polite but not overly formal
Can be used in both spoken and written communication
Contexts:
News reporting (especially factual news)
Instruction manuals
Public announcements
Business emails (depending on the audience)
Textbooks (especially at lower academic levels)
Example: "Please submit your completed form by Friday at noon."
References
in APA 7 Format:
Crystal, D.
(2003). English as a global language (2nd ed.). Cambridge University
Press.
Joos, M.
(1967). The five clocks. Harcourt, Brace & World.
Biber, D.,
Conrad, S., & Leech, G. (2002). Longman student grammar of spoken and
written English. Pearson Education.
Trudgill, P.
(2000). Sociolinguistics: An introduction to language and society (4th
ed.). Penguin Books.
Feature
Formal
Informal
Neutral
Sentence style
Complex, structured
Short, flexible
Simple and straightforward
Vocabulary
Sophisticated, precise
Colloquial, slang
Standard, common words
Tone
Objective, impersonal
Personal, emotional
Factual, balanced
Use
Academic, professional settings
Personal conversations
Public communication, instructions
Example
"I would appreciate your reply."
"Drop me a line!"
"Please respond soon."
Collaborative Exercise 1.1 on page 30
Individual Exercise 1.2 on page 30
https://wordwall.net/es/resource/91166904
Collaborative Reading Letter Sample on Page 31
Chart about the Structure for a Letter or Email
Some useful phrases for the different parts of the informal letter to a pen pal
A proposal is a document that outlines a plan of action, request for funding, or proposal of an idea. Proposal writing is a process organizations follow for proposal creation. Proposal writing can be used in various settings, including business, academia, and government. In each case, the goal is to present a clear and concise plan to convince the reader to approve the proposal.
It offers comprehensive information about the project an organization wants to implement. It outlines the process and resources required to complete the project successfully. It also includes the objectives and goals of the project.
What a typical proposal task looks like
I typical proposal looks like a report.
When writing a proposal, there are two things you need to ask yourself before you even start to
make a plan:
What do I have to include in my
proposal?
Who is going to read it?
As proposals are written to local or school authorities, tutors or teachers, formal English is required so contractions, colloquial
expressions, slang or phrasal verbs that convey informality are not allowed.
How to organise your proposal
1.- Title
2.- introduction
3.- Topic Paragraphs (between 2 and 3)
4.- Conclusion
The different parts of a proposal
In this part we are going to look at the example from the
beginning of this post again and I’m going to walk you through writing a proposal
step by step so you know exactly how this whole thing works. Of course, the
topic changes from task to task, but if you understand the essence, you will be
able to apply this knowledge to every future task.
1.- Introduction
A proposal is a rather factual and informative piece of writing so
it is not your job to make it sound happy or sensational (as you would in a
review or possibly an informal email). Therefore, your introduction should get straight to the
point. Say what the proposal’s purpose is and what you are going to include. It
is also important to note that you should never just copy the words from the
task, but paraphrase them and use your own words instead.
Some useful
language for an introduction includes (but is not limited
to) the following phrases:
The purpose/aim of this proposal is
to…
This proposal is intended to show/discuss/suggest/outline...
2.- Topic paragraphs
In your topic paragraphs you deal with the three different main
points from the task. As mentioned above, you are not required to make this
sound sensational, but rather informational and factual.
At the same time, however, you’re trying to convince the local council to consider
your proposal so you need to use language to make suggestions and to be
persuasive.
The paragraphs should get headings so it becomes evident very easily what you are
talking about in each section.
Conclusion
Last but not least, we need
a nice and short conclusion to give a last recommendation. Make sure that you
try to convince the reader of your idea one more time.
Recommendations in the conclusion:
I would strongly recommend (+verb in -ing)...
It would be advantageous to...
It is recommended that...
In conclusion, I strongly feel that... is/would be the best to...
What possible problems could be experience when staying at a hotel?
Inverted conditionals
Dear valued guest,
We would like to apologise for the issues during your stay here at the Royal Hotel.
Naturally, if we hadknown about the bed bug infestation, we would have never given you that room.
We are also sorry about the small fire that happened at the breakfast buffet. Thanks for the quick actions of guests such as yourself, it wasn’t worse.
If this wereyour hotel, you would be ashamed.
We would also like to apologise for the serious case of food poisoning you experienced after dining at our restaurant.
If you book with us again, we will provide you with a 3% discount off your stay.
Don’t forget to leave us a 5-star review on Tripadvisor! However, if I left a review, it would be 1 star.
Kindregards,
Hotel management
Letter with inverted conditionals
Dear valued guest,
We would like to apologise for the issues during your stay here at the Royal Hotel.
Naturally, had we known about the bed bug infestation, we would never have given you that room.
We are also sorry about the small fire that happened at the breakfast buffet.
Thanks for the quick actions of guests such as yourself, it wasn’t worse.
Were this your hotel, you would be ashamed.
We would also like to apologise for the serious case of food poisoning you experienced after dining at our restaurant.
Should you book with us again, we will provide you with a 3% discount off your stay.
Don’t forget to leave us a 5-star review on Tripadvisor! However, were I to leave a review, it would be 1 star.
Kindregards,
Hotel management
Inversion in conditionals
If we had known= Had we known
If this were= Were this
If I left = Were I to leave
If you book = Should you book
First Conditional
If you book with us again, we will provide you with a 3% discount off your stay.
Should you book with us again, we will provide you with a 3% discount off your stay.
Second Conditional
If this were your hotel, you would be ashamed. = Were this your hotel, you would be ashamed.
If I left a review, it would be 1 star. = Were I to leave, it would be 1 star.
Third Conditional
If we had known about the bed bug infestation, we never would have given you that room. = Had we known about the bed bug infestation, we would never have given you that room.